麻豆淫院

Quantum theory describes events that take place on extremely short time scales. In the past, such events were regarded as 'momentary' or 'instantaneous': An electron orbits the nucleus of an atom鈥攊n the next moment it is suddenly ripped out by a flash of light. Two particles collide鈥攊n the next moment they are suddenly 'quantum entangled.'

Today, however, the temporal development of such almost 'instantaneous' effects can be investigated. Together with research teams from China, TU Wien (Vienna) has developed computer simulations that can be used to simulate ultrafast processes. This makes it possible to find out how quantum entanglement arises on a time scale of attoseconds.

The results have now been in the journal 麻豆淫院ical Review Letters.

Two particles鈥攐ne quantum object

If two particles are quantum entangled, it makes no sense to describe them separately. Even if you know the state of this two-particle system perfectly well, you cannot make a clear statement about the state of a single particle.

"You could say that the particles have no individual properties, they only have common properties. From a mathematical point of view, they belong firmly together, even if they are in two completely different places," explains Prof. Joachim Burgd枚rfer from the Institute of Theoretical 麻豆淫院ics at TU Wien.

In experiments with entangled quantum particles, scientists are usually interested in maintaining this quantum entanglement for as long as possible鈥攆or example, if they want to use quantum entanglement for quantum cryptography or quantum computers.

"We, on the other hand, are interested in something else鈥攊n finding out how this entanglement develops in the first place and which physical effects play a role on extremely short time scales," says Prof. Iva B艡ezinov谩, one of the authors of the current publication.

One electron rushes away, one stays with the atom

The researchers looked at atoms that were hit by an extremely intense and high-frequency laser pulse. An electron is torn out of the atom and flies away. If the radiation is strong enough, it is possible that a second electron of the atom is also affected: It can be shifted into a state with higher energy and then orbit the atomic nucleus on a different path.

So, after the laser pulse, one electron flies away and one remains with the atom with unknown energy. "We can show that these two electrons are now quantum entangled," says Burgd枚rfer. "You can only analyze them together鈥攁nd you can perform a measurement on one of the electrons and learn something about the other electron at the same time."

The electron itself does not know when it was 'born'

The research team has now been able to show, using a suitable measurement protocol that combines two different laser beams, that it is possible to achieve a situation in which the 'birth time' of the electron flying away, i.e., the moment it left the atom, is related to the state of the electron that remains behind. These two properties are quantum entangled.

"This means that the birth time of the electron that flies away is not known in principle. You could say that the electron itself doesn't know when it left the atom," says Burgd枚rfer. "It is in a quantum-physical superposition of different states. It has left the atom at both an earlier and a later point in time."

Which point in time it 'really' was cannot be answered鈥攖he 'actual' answer to this question simply does not exist in quantum physics. But the answer is quantum-physically linked to the鈥攁lso undetermined鈥攕tate of the electron remaining with the atom. If the remaining electron is in a state of higher energy, then the electron that flew away was more likely to have been torn out at an early point in time; if the remaining electron is in a state of lower energy, then the 'birth time' of the free electron that flew away was likely later鈥攐n average around 232 attoseconds.

This is an almost unimaginably short period of time: an attosecond is a billionth of a billionth of a second. "However, these differences can not only be calculated, but also measured in experiments," says Burgd枚rfer. "We are already in talks with research teams who want to prove such ultrafast entanglements."

The temporal structure of 'instantaneous' events

The work shows that it is not enough to regard quantum effects as 'instantaneous'. Important correlations only become visible when one manages to resolve the ultra-short time scales of these effects.

"The electron doesn't just jump out of the atom. It is a wave that spills out of the atom, so to speak鈥攁nd that takes a certain amount of time," says B艡ezinov谩. "It is precisely during this phase that the entanglement occurs, the effect of which can then be precisely measured later by observing the two electrons."