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In the wake of the #MeToo movement, remains a challenge. As the first country to grant women the vote, we have a long way to go to until there's .

Inequality spans (including sexual violence, intimate partner violence and family violence), women's participation in public life, roles, the continued , and the deteriorating position of minority and immigrant women.

Research has long indicated that gender inequality exists primarily because of the , with men and women thought to have different skills.

But gender is not biological or "naturally" tied to bodies. It is a and has varied considerably over time. I argue that we need to teach children about gender as early as possible to prevent sexism before it becomes ingrained.

Sex and gender

Since the enlightenment period, we've but "complementary". This model is problematic because traditional masculine traits (assertiveness, rationality, aggressiveness) are more highly valued and associated with prominent social roles. Traditional feminine traits (nurture, sensitivity, intuitiveness) are associated with submissiveness and less socially valued roles.

It is now accepted that sex and gender are different things. The has recently : "Sex is assigned at birth, refers to one's biological status as either male or female, and is associated primarily with physical attributes such as chromosomes, hormone prevalence, and external and internal anatomy. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for boys and men or girls and women. These influence the ways that people act, interact, and feel about themselves. While aspects of biological sex are similar across different cultures, aspects of gender may differ."

More similar than different

Multiple reviews and meta-analyses of psychological literature have consistently found when it comes to a host of psychological traits and mental functioning. These include cognitive performance, mathematical abilities, personality traits, social behaviours, emotions, aggression and leadership.

There are some biological realities such as pregnancy, child birth and lactation. But social and biological indicates that outside of these, men and women are equally equipped for parenting and caregiving.

The focus needs to shift from being mostly on women, to changing the nature of gender relations, debunking gender polarity and promoting softer masculinity. from this, as it offers them more options for how they can be.

To do this, prevention strategies are needed to address the covert and overt sexisms that lead to gender inequality.

Gender equality education in schools

Gender equality education should begin when children enter the education system and continue throughout. This needs to address the history and nature of gender inequality and sexism. It also needs to provide students with the tools to dismantle rigid gender binaries (including sexism) and offer them more options for gender identification and expression.

Based on my own , the research of others and the , I make the following recommendations for New Zealand policy makers and educators:

• gender equality education needs to start when children enter the education system and continue throughout
• tenets of a gender equality approach (debunking rigid gender norms and gender polarity) need to be reflected in the school curriculum
• training of teachers needs to incorporate gender theory and gender equality training
• students need to be seen as more than the sum of their gender, but as complex people
• each student needs to be approached as a sophisticated individual who is capable of embodying and desiring several changing gendered identities
• the school curriculum needs to include lessons on the social production of gender, gender roles and gender categories
• schools need to incorporate curricula on global citizenship, which includes an awareness and acceptance of diversity and the promotion of equality for all humans
• schools need to include lessons on towards all, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation (including in online communication)
• the education system needs to identify and interrupt hetero-normative, hetero-sexist, and patriarchal practices that are part of society and, at times, part of school culture
• schools need to introduce the use of gender-neutral language that challenges the boy/girl binary
• school should provide gender-inclusive bathrooms for transgender and non-gender conforming students.

To address the ongoing manifestations of gender inequality in New Zealand, we need innovative thinking focused on prevention. Such an intervention would be research-based, aimed at curbing sexism and gender inequality before it occurs.

We know all violence is preventable. But preventing gender-based violence requires changing enduring norms and beliefs about the nature of gender and men's and women's roles within relationships and society. Gender equality education and teaching of ethical citizenship is a fresh direction that can redress entrenched patterns of sexism and gender inequality.

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