�鶹��Ժ

Russia announces its suspension from last nuclear arms agreement with the US, escalating nuclear tension

After decades of progress on limiting the buildup of nuclear weapons, Russia's war on Ukraine has prompted renewed between Russia and the United States.

Russian President Vladimir Putin said in his annual State of the Nation address on Feb. 21, 2023, that " its participation in the U.S. and Russia's last remaining nuclear arms agreement—known as New START.

"Our relations have degraded, and that's completely and utterly the U.S.'s fault," said Putin, who stopped short of entirely withdrawing Russia from the deal that aims to limit nuclear arms expansion.

In the same speech, testing if the U.S. does the same, claiming that the U.S. is considering renewed nuclear testing. The U.S. has that it can modernize and certify the reliability of its nuclear weapons without resorting to testing.

The U.S. State Department Putin's announcement, and NATO Secretary-General Jens Stolenberg said that Russia's suspension from the deal makes the world a .

Putin's announcement greatly weakens the last remaining arms control agreement but does not immediately terminate it. By "suspending" rather than withdrawing from the treaty, Putin retains the possibility of reactiving the agreement—without having to renegotiate it or have the U.S. Congress ratify it once more.

The New START is the only remaining agreement between the U.S. and Russia limiting the development of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. It allows both countries to regularly, and with limited advance notice, inspect each other's nuclear weapons arsenals.

I have and nonproliferation for .

Convincing countries their nuclear weapons stockpiles the pursuit of this ultimate weapon has always been extremely difficult.

A history of nonproliferation

The Soviet Union, U.S., United Kingdom, France, Israel and China weapons programs in the 1960s.

Countries recognized the risk of a nuclear war in the future.

Sixty-two countries initially agreed to what's been called the "" in 1967, an essential element of the . One hundred and ninety-one countries eventually signed this treaty.

The agreement prevented the spread of nuclear weapons to countries that didn't already have them . Countries with nuclear weapons, like the U.S. and the U.K., agreed to end their nuclear arms race and work toward eventual disarmament, meaning the destruction of all nuclear weapons.

This landmark agreement laid the groundwork for agreements between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to further reduce their nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. It also stopped other countries from developing and nuclear weapons until the end of the Cold War.

, and never joined the agreement because of regional security concerns. They all now possess nuclear weapons. North Korea from the agreement and developed nuclear .

Some successes

There have been in preventing countries from gaining nuclear weapons and dramatically reducing nuclear weapons stockpiles since the Cold War.

The global nuclear stockpile has been reduced by 82% since 1986, from a peak of 70,300, with nearly all of the reductions in the U.S. and Russia, who held the largest stockpiles at the time.

there are now with about 90% held by —or between 5,000 to 6,000 weapons each.

Several other countries have nuclear weapons, and most of them have a few hundred weapons each, including the United Kingdom, France and China—though China has been building up its nuclear stockpile. like India, Pakistan and Israel have around 100 each, while North Korea has around 20.

Starting in the late 1960s, countries agreed to more legally binding agreements, or treaties, that limited new countries from getting nuclear weapons and prohibited nuclear weapons testing, among other measures.

But they have not reduced the number of with missiles.

No agreements cover , which widespread destruction and deaths.

U.S.-Russia cooperation declines

U.S.-Russia engagement on nuclear weapons changed when Russia forcibly from Ukraine in 2014.

Russia in , an enclave of Russia in the middle of Eastern Europe, in 2014.

The and then accused Russia of violating a on short- and intermediate-range land missiles. From Russia, these could travel from 311 to 3,418 miles (500 to 5,500 kilometers), hitting targets as far as London.

The U.S. this agreement in 2019 because of reported Russian violations. Now, there are no international nuclear agreements in Europe.

The agreement, signed by Russia and the U.S., remains the one main strategic nuclear weapons agreement in place.

It was to continue .

The U.S. and Russia halted all inspections of each other's nuclear weapon sites and operations in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, were still exchanged between the two states, reducing the likelihood of miscalculations and misunderstandings. In November 2022, talks to resume inspections. The U.S. considers these violations of the agreement, but of the treaty.

Impact of Ukraine war

Putin has repeatedly ignited concern its nearly year-old war with Ukraine—as well in the conflict— in Russia's launching a on Ukraine or another country in the West.

A single nuclear weapon today in a major city anywhere from 52,000 to several million people, depending on the weapon's size.

The U.S. and Russia's arms control regime was successful in the Cold War because it included significant verification mechanisms—direct inspections of each party's nuclear arsenal with .

Russia and the U.S. have since New START took effect in 2011. Without New START, all inspections of nuclear bases and support facilities will end.

During nuclear talks in 1987, President Ronald Reagan translated a Russian maxim, saying, "," the foundation of the nuclear arms control regime.

If the U.S. and Russia are no longer transparent about their nuclear arsenals and developments, pressure for both countries to develop new nuclear weapons and delivery systems will increase, along with the risk of miscalculations.

The U.S. State Department already told that Russia is not complying with New START. Russia has the U.S. of violating the agreement as well. Putin reiterated on Feb. 21, 2023.

While Putin has not followed through on of a nuclear strike, the potential for a nuclear attack has and with this lingering threat in mind.

The U.S. and NATO members January and February to increase their ) to Ukraine. This might signal a change to the United States' and NATO countries' strategy, so far, of limiting their direct support to Ukraine and avoiding further escalation with Russia in the conflict.