麻豆淫院

(麻豆淫院Org.com) -- An oceanographer may be offering the best explanation yet of one of the great mysteries of flight--how albatrosses fly such vast distances, even around the world, almost without flapping their wings. The answer, says Philip L. Richardson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), lies in a concept called dynamic soaring, in which the large bird utilizes the power of above-ocean wind shear while tacking like an airborne sailboat.

鈥淚 have a simple model that explains the basic physics of what albatrosses do,鈥� says Richardson, a scientist emeritus at WHOI, who, in addition to his primary career in studying ocean currents, has also piloted gliders. The key, he says, is the bird鈥檚 ability to balance the kinetic energy gained in soaring with the energy lost from drag.

In a paper published in the winter 2011 issue of the journal Progress in Oceanography, Richardson says that dynamic soaring using wind shear accounts for 鈥�80 to 90 percent of the total energy required for sustained soaring.鈥� He explains that above ocean waves, winds blow in layers鈥攏ear the surface, air-sea friction slows lower-level winds while winds blow faster at higher levels.

As an albatross climbs from a wave trough, it is met by progressively faster winds that provide a burst of energy, increasing its speed significantly and carrying it as high as 10 to 15 meters.

Richardson was particularly intrigued by how the birds could be doing this while flying into the wind, something he had observed from a ship in the South Atlantic Ocean. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been a mystery how they fly this way,鈥� he said.

Drawing on previous theories by Nobel laureate physicist Lord Rayleigh in 1883 and later by British scientist Colin Pennycuick, Richardson devised a model that accounts for the albatross鈥檚 dramatic, accelerating climbs and dives and elegant twists and turns, incorporating winds and waves.

It also explained the bird鈥檚 ability to seemingly fly upwind. To travel upwind, a sailor tacks into the wind. Richardson realized that albatrosses do the same thing. Using his model, he calculated that the bird tacks at about a 30-degree angle, 鈥渓ike a sailboat.鈥� 鈥淭hey are using wind shear both ways,鈥� he says. 鈥淭o climb up and dive down.鈥� Using the model, he estimates that it takes a minimum wind speed of about 7 knots for an albatross to soar.

In further describing this dynamic soaring, Richardson says what he has done is to refine previous models. While calculating that dynamic soaring accounts for the vast majority of energy for albatross flight, he says the remaining 10 to 20 percent comes from updrafts. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a simple model that explains what albatrosses do,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t helps us understand how nature works.鈥�

Beyond that, Richardson suggests that understanding albatross flight might help increase the speeds of radio-controlled gliders, or some day enable fleets of such gliders to be dispatched to measure oceans, he said.